Cupcake Leavening Methods Essay Example for Free

Cupcake Leavening Methods Essay I have found three that I will test in order to find which produces the fluffiest, or least dense, batch of cupcakes. They allow for a greater leavening, or increase of volume of baking dough caused by the formation of gas bubbles. The methods to create this effect on the cupcakes are using egg whites only, mixing each ingredient separately before adding them to the mixture, and adding a teaspoon of corn starch to the mix. Eggs are a necessary ingredient to nearly any baked good. However, the two parts of the egg, the yolk and the white, have very different compositions. Egg yolks are high in fat, while the whites contain a great amount of protein. Fats interfere with the proteins ability to form bonds and trap air, keeping them from becoming as fluffy as they could be. However, whipping egg whites on their own mixes air into the whites and disarranges their protein molecules. The protein molecules are usually in clusters. Whipping causes them to stretch out and link together, trapping the air into tiny bubbles. Thus, using the egg whites on their own allows the proteins to whip up to their fullest potential height. A simpler method of decreasing the density of a batch of cupcakes is to mix each ingredient separately before adding them all together. By putting all dry ingredients into a bowl and whisking them until there are no lumps you are lightening the cake mix. Also, one should mix the eggs before their addition because this adds many small bubbles to them, which will cause bubbles to also be in the cupcakes, thereby making them light and fluffy. Finally, it is said that adding a teaspoon of cornstarch to your cupcakes before baking them will allow for extra lightness. Cornstarch is made from the endosperm of corn or wheat. It is used in baking as a leavening agent. It includes starch, which absorbs moisture and lets the little bubbles to form more easily in the batter during baking. Cornstarch does not contain any gluten, which is a strong and stretchy protein that gives baked goods a very solid structure. As temperature rises while the cupcakes bake, the cornstarch cause gas molecules to move farther apart, thus expanding air cells. This reaction will give the cupcakes the desired fluffiness. An important part of my experimentation will be determining the density of each cupcake. The formula for finding density is Density=Mass/Volume. In order to find the density, however, I must first find the mass and volume. Using a triple beam balance I can find the mass, but the volume will be more complicated. I have determined that the easiest way to calculate the volume would be to hypothetically separate each cupcake into thin segments by increments of approximately one centimeter. Then, I will have many approximate cylinders sitting on top of each other. Next, all I must do is measure the circumference of each cylinder, use that number to calculate the radius, and input that radius into the formula for finding the volume of a cylinder: Volume=? *radius^2*height. By adding the volume of each cylinder I can find the volume of the entire cupcake. I will do this to each cupcake in each batch and use the volume to determine the densities. Then, the batch with the lowest average density of cupcake is the one with the most effective method. Using all this research, I have hypothesized that the cornstarch will do the greatest amount of leavening.

Most historians recognise 1917 as the year in which the Harlem :: English Literature:

Most historians recognise 1917 as the year in which the Harlem renaissance began. The Harlem Renaissance. Today most historians recognise 1917 as the year in which the Harlem renaissance began. Three events lead to this. First was the publication of two poems by Claude McKay. Second was the opening on Broadway of three plays about black life by a white writer, Ridgely Thomas. These plays were remarkable not only because they were performed by black artists but because they contained none of the usual racial stereotypes. Finally, on the 28th of July Harlem experienced its first silent parade when ten to fifteen thousand blacks marched down 5th Avenue to protest against continued racial inequities. However the rich surge in African American arts and letters that took place around the 1920’s was not limited to just Harlem, nor even to New York City. Although, the intensity of the movement was in that city, and the sheer number of black writers, musicians, and scholars who lived and worked in Harlem has ensured that it is linked with the era. To understand the Harlem Renaissance it is necessary to appreciate both the changes that occurred within the African community and the cultural shifts that took place in American society as a whole during the 1920’s. For blacks the years during and after World War one were ones of increased militancy and racial pride. Phillip Randolph was struggling to organise black workers and a national campaign was actively promoting federal antilynching legislation. Although white society did not take these political movements particularly seriously, it did give considerable recognition to the large number of black writers, musicians and scholars who were emerging simultaneously. These figures being people like, Countee Cullen, James Weldon, Zora Neale Hurston, Wallace Thurman and Jean Toomer. All lived in Harlem and Langston Hughes described the area as a â€Å"great magnet for the negro intellectual, pulling him from everywhere.† Yet Harlem was a magnet not only for blacks, but also for whites eager to experience for themselves the glamour and escapism that its night-clubs seemed to promise. In many ways Harlem became a national symbol of the Jazz Age, a complete antithesis of Main Street and everything that the artists and cultural critics of the 1920’s rejected. Many Observers, black and white, hoped that this outburst of literary and artistic talent would help to ensure greater acceptance of blacks by American Society.

Pelabur’s Pizza Mini Case †Capital Structure Decision

a) Repurchase of stock=RM15x100000shares=RM1500000 Equity after repurchase of stock=repurchase of stock-amount borrowed Scenario |Amount borrowed(RM) |Equity after repurchase of stock(RM) | |1 |0 |1500000-0=1500000 | |2 |187500 |1500000-187500=1312500 | |3 |375000 |1125000 | |4 |562500 |937500 | |5 |750000 |750000 | |6 |937500 |562500 | |7 |1125000 |375000 | b) Weight of equity=(equity after repurchase of stock/repurchase of stock) x100% Weight of debt + weight of equity=100% |Scenario |Weight of debt(%) |Weight of equity(%) | |1 |100-100=0 |1500000/1500000 x100%=100. | |2 |100-87. 5=12. 5 |1312500/1500000 x100%=87. 5 | |3 |25. 0 |75. 0 | |4 |37. 5 |62. 5 | |5 |50. 0 |50. 0 | |6 |62. 5 |37. 5 | |7 |75. 0 |25. | c) After-tax cost of debt=pre-tax cost of debt x (1-T) =(prime rate + risk premium)x(1-T) |Scenario |Prime rate(%) |Risk premium(%) |Tax(%) |After-tax cost of debt(%) | |1 |5 |2. 0 |40 |(5%+2%)x(1-0. 4)=4. 2 | |2 |5 |2. 0 |40 |(5%+2%)x(1-0. 4)=4. 2 | |3 |5 |2. 5 |40 |4. | |4 |5 |3. 5 |40 |5. 1 | |5 |5 |5. 0 |40 |6. 0 | |6 |5 |7. 0 |40 |7. 2 | |7 |5 |10. 0 |40 |9. 0 | d) CAPM=Krf+(RPm)? , Krf=4% , RPm=8% |Scenario |Subjective beta, ? CAPM(%) | |1 |2. 0 |4%+8%(2. 0)=20. 0 | |2 |2. 1 |4%+8%(2. 1)=20. 8 | |3 |2. 3 |22. 4 | |4 |2. 5 |24. 0 | |5 |2. 9 |27. 2 | |6 |3. 3 |30. 4 | |7 |3. 7 |33. | e) WACC=WdKd+WsKs |Scenario |Wd(%) |Ws(%) |Kd(%) |Ks(%) |WACC(%) | |1 |0 |100. 0 |4. 2 |20. 0 |0(0. 042)+1(0. 2)=20. 00 | |2 |12. 5 |87. 5 |4. 2 |20. 8 |0. 125(0. 042)+0. 875(0. 208)=18. 73 | |3 |25. 0 |75. 0 |4. 5 |22. 4 |17. 93 | |4 |37. 5 |62. 5 |5. 1 |24. |16. 91 | |5 |50. 0 |50. 0 |6. 0 |27. 2 |16. 60 | |6 |62. 5 |37. 5 |7. 2 |30. 4 |15. 90 | |7 |75. 0 |25. 0 |9. 0 |33. 6 |15. 15 | f) Shares repurchased=amount borrowed/repurchased stock price per share Remaining shares outstanding=shares outstanding (old)-shares repurchased Scenario |Shares outstanding |Shares repurchased |Remaining shares outstanding | |1 |100000 |RM0/RM15=0 |100000-0=100000 | |2 |100000 |RM187500/RM15=12500 |100000-12500=87500 | |3 |100000 |25000 |75000 | |4 |100000 |37500 |62500 | |5 |100000 |50000 |50000 | |6 |100000 |62500 |37500 | |7 |100000 |75000 |25000 | g) Total asset=Earning(net income)/WACC otal equity=total assets-total liabilities Interest expense=amount borrowed x interest rate(prime rate + risk premium) |Scenario |1 | |1 |300000/100000=3. 00 | |2 |292125/87500=3. 34 | |3 |3. 78 | |4 |4. 34 | |5 |5. 0 | |6 |6. 20 | |7 |7. 95 | h) There are two main types of financing for a business which are debt or equity financing. Debt financing is describe as the type of financing we receive from a traditional bank loan and equity financing is describes as the financing we receive from venture capital into our business from outside investors.Therefore, the benefit of debt financing is refer to it’s limited in amount and we will pay down the debt over time to a zero sum balance without any further obligation to the lender and the down stroke to debt fin ancing is to define that traditional lenders will take a hard look at our business including how long it has been in existence, income from operation, expenses and it will require hard assets for collateral for the loan. Moreover, those lenders will most certainly want us to personally guarantee for the repayments of the loan. Another disadvantage of debt financing is that our organization will be burdened with some other type of regular payment which is usually a monthly payment which depending on the terms and conditions of the financing and this can absorbs critical cash flow, especially those individual or partners with small business.Besides that, the benefit of equity financing or venture capital is that we will be also receiving money in exchange for equity in our business in the form of stock or some other form of equity like percentage of income or gross net sales. A fundamental benefit of this type of the equity financing is to define there is no monthly payment requiremen t to investors. Instead, we are giving up ownership interest, most often, permanently. Furthermore, the traditional lenders, banks for example, will look at our business much slightly different than venture capitalist. Bankers want a zero-risk or near-zero risk position when they provide financing and will rely almost completely on the operating economics of the business with little regard for potential future growth.Thus, they want to see strong cash flow backed up by hard assets before they do a deal with the ingredients that most small business lack or they wouldn’t be seeking for financing. Eventually, the venture capitalist is on the other hand which they tend to consider the management team and the potential future growth of the business more heavily than actual operating numbers, especially for those with small business with large potential but few sales and little or no operating history. Although these two types of lender is vary in their approaching to analyzing a b usiness for funding, we can also be sure that careful examination of our business will be conducted.

Essay On No Child Left Behind Act - 822 Words

A local Los Angeles Times article by Steve Lopez dated November 6, 2011 carried the headline, â€Å"Shaking up the status quo in L.A. schools†. The article described a letter that a Dont Hold Us Back group sent to L.A. schools Superintendent John Deasy demanding reforms for the sake of the districts 700,000 students. Parents and education advocates planned to sue L.A. Unified in an effort to enforce an overlooked state law that required teacher and principal evaluations to be linked to student achievement. The group argued â€Å"we won’t have a strong economic future if our kids do not get a good education†. Student achievement, principal and teacher evaluations, and school reforms have long been in U.S. leaders’ minds. The launch of Sputnik†¦show more content†¦This report card for student accomplishment is utilized as a tool to enable boards of education, parents, teachers, administrators, and community members to improve student achievement. In mathematics, 82% of students had at least a basic knowledge of fourth-grade mathematics in 2011 compared to 50 percent of students in 1990. Seventy-three percent of students had at least a basic knowledge of eighth-grade mathematics in 2011 unchanged from 2009 but was 4 points higher than in 1992. The eighth-grade average reading score in 2011 was 1 point higher than in 2009, and 5 points higher than in 1992. However, the fourth-grade average reading score in 2011 was unchanged from 2009 but 4 points higher than in 1992. In 2010, around 470,000 15-year-olds across the world sat for a numeracy, literacy, and science test. The United States ranked 17th in Reading, 32nd in Math, and 23rd in Science (Shepherd, 2010). Shanghai-China ranked number one in all three areas. This was the result of the latest international tests PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) had conducted by the Paris-based Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Since 1983, American public schools have undergone an unprecedented amount of reform that has placed an enormous burden on the public school system. Today’s principals are living in a world of rapid changes and expectations to improve studentShow MoreRelatedEssay On No Child Left Behind Act1247 Words   |  5 PagesIn 2004, coinciding with the conclusion of President George W. Bush’s first term in office, United States Secretary of Education, Rod Paige, released an essay depicting the successes of his administration. Paige’s department spearheaded the initiative sparked by the No Child Left Behind Act, a set of policies enacted to reform education and provide students with an improved degree of learning more suited to the evolving job market. Paige brings light to the findings of his administration, presentingRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pages1. Definition of the Policy The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002, is a comprehensive overhaul of the federal governments requirements of state and local education systems (www.nclb.gov). It reauthorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and replaces the 1994 Improving Americas Schools Act. 2. General Background Information President Bush has made education his number one domestic priority (www.ed.gov). OnRead MoreEssay on The No Child Left Behind Act953 Words   |  4 Pagesare being left behind† (www.ed.gov). The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act expands the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education. The NCLB act was enacted January 8, 2002, and has four reform principles to the act: Accountability, flexibility, Researched-based reforms and parental options. Accountability begins with informed parents, communities and elected leaders so we can work together to improve schools. The states will measure the progress by testing every child in grades 3Read MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay642 Words   |  3 PagesNo Child Left Behind Act Making the NCLB Act effective is quite a chore for the federal and state legislation. The positive influences for the act are quite controversial. Accountability standards are set and measured on a yearly basis by each individual state. The educator’s qualifications and standards are also state and federally mandated. Reading, math and writing are the key academic subjects that are measured. The goal is to close the gap among race, socioeconomic groups, and disabledRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pages The No Child Left Behind Act was based on the Elementary Secondary Education Act of 1965. The act was established based on the promise of Thomas Jefferson to create a free public education system in Virginia (Hammond, Kohn, Meier, Sizer Wood, 2004). The act is now reauthorized as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The purpose of the No Child Left Behind Act was to make sure that children were given a fair, quality education. The a ct set out to close the achievement gaps in educationRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind Act1303 Words   |  6 PagesNo Child Left Behind Children are the future of this world. In an ideal universe, every child would have the intelligence and skills to become a doctor or lawyer; instead, we live in a world in which intelligence and skills are, across the board, different and unique in every student. In an attempt to create a common ground of intelligence throughout all students, the Bush administration passed the No Child Left Behind Act. Under this act, expectations were created for schools to produce a specificRead MoreEssay on No Child Left Behind Act3562 Words   |  15 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act Alexis Cross His 324 Dr. Stephan Law February 20, 2010 No Child Left Behind Outline: 1. Introduction a. What I will be writing about b. Why I chose my topic c. What will be covered 2. The NCLB Act d. How it came to be e. What was proposed f. How it has been enacted 3. The NCLB Act g. Arguments in favor of h. Arguments against 4. Statistics i. How the NCLB Act has had a positive impactRead More No Child Left Behind Act Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pages No Child Left Behind Act President Bush quoted, â€Å"Clearly, our children are our future†¦Too many of our neediest children are being left behind† (www.ed.gov). The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act expands the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education. The NCLB emphasizes accountability and abiding by policies set by the federal government. This law sets strict requirements and deadlines for states to expand the scope and frequency of student testing, restore their accountabilityRead MoreEssay on The No Child Left Behind Act1440 Words   |  6 PagesInitiated in 2002, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 intended to prevent the academic failures of educational institutions and individual students, as well as bridge achievement gaps between students. This act supports the basic standards of education reform across America; desiring to improve the learning outcomes of America’s youth. No Child Left Behind has left many to criticize the outcomes of the Act itself. Questions have risen concerning the effectiveness of NCLB, as well as theRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, President George W. Bushs education reform bill, was signed into law on Jan. 8, 2002. The No Child Left Behind Act says that states will develop and apply challenging academic standards in reading and math. It will also set annual progress objectives to make sure that all groups of students reach proficiency within 12 years. And the act also says that children will be tested annually in grades 3 through 8, in reading and math to measure their progress.