Cupcake Leavening Methods Essay Example for Free

Cupcake Leavening Methods Essay I have found three that I will test in order to find which produces the fluffiest, or least dense, batch of cupcakes. They allow for a greater leavening, or increase of volume of baking dough caused by the formation of gas bubbles. The methods to create this effect on the cupcakes are using egg whites only, mixing each ingredient separately before adding them to the mixture, and adding a teaspoon of corn starch to the mix. Eggs are a necessary ingredient to nearly any baked good. However, the two parts of the egg, the yolk and the white, have very different compositions. Egg yolks are high in fat, while the whites contain a great amount of protein. Fats interfere with the proteins ability to form bonds and trap air, keeping them from becoming as fluffy as they could be. However, whipping egg whites on their own mixes air into the whites and disarranges their protein molecules. The protein molecules are usually in clusters. Whipping causes them to stretch out and link together, trapping the air into tiny bubbles. Thus, using the egg whites on their own allows the proteins to whip up to their fullest potential height. A simpler method of decreasing the density of a batch of cupcakes is to mix each ingredient separately before adding them all together. By putting all dry ingredients into a bowl and whisking them until there are no lumps you are lightening the cake mix. Also, one should mix the eggs before their addition because this adds many small bubbles to them, which will cause bubbles to also be in the cupcakes, thereby making them light and fluffy. Finally, it is said that adding a teaspoon of cornstarch to your cupcakes before baking them will allow for extra lightness. Cornstarch is made from the endosperm of corn or wheat. It is used in baking as a leavening agent. It includes starch, which absorbs moisture and lets the little bubbles to form more easily in the batter during baking. Cornstarch does not contain any gluten, which is a strong and stretchy protein that gives baked goods a very solid structure. As temperature rises while the cupcakes bake, the cornstarch cause gas molecules to move farther apart, thus expanding air cells. This reaction will give the cupcakes the desired fluffiness. An important part of my experimentation will be determining the density of each cupcake. The formula for finding density is Density=Mass/Volume. In order to find the density, however, I must first find the mass and volume. Using a triple beam balance I can find the mass, but the volume will be more complicated. I have determined that the easiest way to calculate the volume would be to hypothetically separate each cupcake into thin segments by increments of approximately one centimeter. Then, I will have many approximate cylinders sitting on top of each other. Next, all I must do is measure the circumference of each cylinder, use that number to calculate the radius, and input that radius into the formula for finding the volume of a cylinder: Volume=? *radius^2*height. By adding the volume of each cylinder I can find the volume of the entire cupcake. I will do this to each cupcake in each batch and use the volume to determine the densities. Then, the batch with the lowest average density of cupcake is the one with the most effective method. Using all this research, I have hypothesized that the cornstarch will do the greatest amount of leavening.

Most historians recognise 1917 as the year in which the Harlem :: English Literature:

Most historians recognise 1917 as the year in which the Harlem renaissance began. The Harlem Renaissance. Today most historians recognise 1917 as the year in which the Harlem renaissance began. Three events lead to this. First was the publication of two poems by Claude McKay. Second was the opening on Broadway of three plays about black life by a white writer, Ridgely Thomas. These plays were remarkable not only because they were performed by black artists but because they contained none of the usual racial stereotypes. Finally, on the 28th of July Harlem experienced its first silent parade when ten to fifteen thousand blacks marched down 5th Avenue to protest against continued racial inequities. However the rich surge in African American arts and letters that took place around the 1920’s was not limited to just Harlem, nor even to New York City. Although, the intensity of the movement was in that city, and the sheer number of black writers, musicians, and scholars who lived and worked in Harlem has ensured that it is linked with the era. To understand the Harlem Renaissance it is necessary to appreciate both the changes that occurred within the African community and the cultural shifts that took place in American society as a whole during the 1920’s. For blacks the years during and after World War one were ones of increased militancy and racial pride. Phillip Randolph was struggling to organise black workers and a national campaign was actively promoting federal antilynching legislation. Although white society did not take these political movements particularly seriously, it did give considerable recognition to the large number of black writers, musicians and scholars who were emerging simultaneously. These figures being people like, Countee Cullen, James Weldon, Zora Neale Hurston, Wallace Thurman and Jean Toomer. All lived in Harlem and Langston Hughes described the area as a â€Å"great magnet for the negro intellectual, pulling him from everywhere.† Yet Harlem was a magnet not only for blacks, but also for whites eager to experience for themselves the glamour and escapism that its night-clubs seemed to promise. In many ways Harlem became a national symbol of the Jazz Age, a complete antithesis of Main Street and everything that the artists and cultural critics of the 1920’s rejected. Many Observers, black and white, hoped that this outburst of literary and artistic talent would help to ensure greater acceptance of blacks by American Society.

Pelabur’s Pizza Mini Case †Capital Structure Decision

a) Repurchase of stock=RM15x100000shares=RM1500000 Equity after repurchase of stock=repurchase of stock-amount borrowed Scenario |Amount borrowed(RM) |Equity after repurchase of stock(RM) | |1 |0 |1500000-0=1500000 | |2 |187500 |1500000-187500=1312500 | |3 |375000 |1125000 | |4 |562500 |937500 | |5 |750000 |750000 | |6 |937500 |562500 | |7 |1125000 |375000 | b) Weight of equity=(equity after repurchase of stock/repurchase of stock) x100% Weight of debt + weight of equity=100% |Scenario |Weight of debt(%) |Weight of equity(%) | |1 |100-100=0 |1500000/1500000 x100%=100. | |2 |100-87. 5=12. 5 |1312500/1500000 x100%=87. 5 | |3 |25. 0 |75. 0 | |4 |37. 5 |62. 5 | |5 |50. 0 |50. 0 | |6 |62. 5 |37. 5 | |7 |75. 0 |25. | c) After-tax cost of debt=pre-tax cost of debt x (1-T) =(prime rate + risk premium)x(1-T) |Scenario |Prime rate(%) |Risk premium(%) |Tax(%) |After-tax cost of debt(%) | |1 |5 |2. 0 |40 |(5%+2%)x(1-0. 4)=4. 2 | |2 |5 |2. 0 |40 |(5%+2%)x(1-0. 4)=4. 2 | |3 |5 |2. 5 |40 |4. | |4 |5 |3. 5 |40 |5. 1 | |5 |5 |5. 0 |40 |6. 0 | |6 |5 |7. 0 |40 |7. 2 | |7 |5 |10. 0 |40 |9. 0 | d) CAPM=Krf+(RPm)? , Krf=4% , RPm=8% |Scenario |Subjective beta, ? CAPM(%) | |1 |2. 0 |4%+8%(2. 0)=20. 0 | |2 |2. 1 |4%+8%(2. 1)=20. 8 | |3 |2. 3 |22. 4 | |4 |2. 5 |24. 0 | |5 |2. 9 |27. 2 | |6 |3. 3 |30. 4 | |7 |3. 7 |33. | e) WACC=WdKd+WsKs |Scenario |Wd(%) |Ws(%) |Kd(%) |Ks(%) |WACC(%) | |1 |0 |100. 0 |4. 2 |20. 0 |0(0. 042)+1(0. 2)=20. 00 | |2 |12. 5 |87. 5 |4. 2 |20. 8 |0. 125(0. 042)+0. 875(0. 208)=18. 73 | |3 |25. 0 |75. 0 |4. 5 |22. 4 |17. 93 | |4 |37. 5 |62. 5 |5. 1 |24. |16. 91 | |5 |50. 0 |50. 0 |6. 0 |27. 2 |16. 60 | |6 |62. 5 |37. 5 |7. 2 |30. 4 |15. 90 | |7 |75. 0 |25. 0 |9. 0 |33. 6 |15. 15 | f) Shares repurchased=amount borrowed/repurchased stock price per share Remaining shares outstanding=shares outstanding (old)-shares repurchased Scenario |Shares outstanding |Shares repurchased |Remaining shares outstanding | |1 |100000 |RM0/RM15=0 |100000-0=100000 | |2 |100000 |RM187500/RM15=12500 |100000-12500=87500 | |3 |100000 |25000 |75000 | |4 |100000 |37500 |62500 | |5 |100000 |50000 |50000 | |6 |100000 |62500 |37500 | |7 |100000 |75000 |25000 | g) Total asset=Earning(net income)/WACC otal equity=total assets-total liabilities Interest expense=amount borrowed x interest rate(prime rate + risk premium) |Scenario |1 | |1 |300000/100000=3. 00 | |2 |292125/87500=3. 34 | |3 |3. 78 | |4 |4. 34 | |5 |5. 0 | |6 |6. 20 | |7 |7. 95 | h) There are two main types of financing for a business which are debt or equity financing. Debt financing is describe as the type of financing we receive from a traditional bank loan and equity financing is describes as the financing we receive from venture capital into our business from outside investors.Therefore, the benefit of debt financing is refer to it’s limited in amount and we will pay down the debt over time to a zero sum balance without any further obligation to the lender and the down stroke to debt fin ancing is to define that traditional lenders will take a hard look at our business including how long it has been in existence, income from operation, expenses and it will require hard assets for collateral for the loan. Moreover, those lenders will most certainly want us to personally guarantee for the repayments of the loan. Another disadvantage of debt financing is that our organization will be burdened with some other type of regular payment which is usually a monthly payment which depending on the terms and conditions of the financing and this can absorbs critical cash flow, especially those individual or partners with small business.Besides that, the benefit of equity financing or venture capital is that we will be also receiving money in exchange for equity in our business in the form of stock or some other form of equity like percentage of income or gross net sales. A fundamental benefit of this type of the equity financing is to define there is no monthly payment requiremen t to investors. Instead, we are giving up ownership interest, most often, permanently. Furthermore, the traditional lenders, banks for example, will look at our business much slightly different than venture capitalist. Bankers want a zero-risk or near-zero risk position when they provide financing and will rely almost completely on the operating economics of the business with little regard for potential future growth.Thus, they want to see strong cash flow backed up by hard assets before they do a deal with the ingredients that most small business lack or they wouldn’t be seeking for financing. Eventually, the venture capitalist is on the other hand which they tend to consider the management team and the potential future growth of the business more heavily than actual operating numbers, especially for those with small business with large potential but few sales and little or no operating history. Although these two types of lender is vary in their approaching to analyzing a b usiness for funding, we can also be sure that careful examination of our business will be conducted.

Essay On No Child Left Behind Act - 822 Words

A local Los Angeles Times article by Steve Lopez dated November 6, 2011 carried the headline, â€Å"Shaking up the status quo in L.A. schools†. The article described a letter that a Dont Hold Us Back group sent to L.A. schools Superintendent John Deasy demanding reforms for the sake of the districts 700,000 students. Parents and education advocates planned to sue L.A. Unified in an effort to enforce an overlooked state law that required teacher and principal evaluations to be linked to student achievement. The group argued â€Å"we won’t have a strong economic future if our kids do not get a good education†. Student achievement, principal and teacher evaluations, and school reforms have long been in U.S. leaders’ minds. The launch of Sputnik†¦show more content†¦This report card for student accomplishment is utilized as a tool to enable boards of education, parents, teachers, administrators, and community members to improve student achievement. In mathematics, 82% of students had at least a basic knowledge of fourth-grade mathematics in 2011 compared to 50 percent of students in 1990. Seventy-three percent of students had at least a basic knowledge of eighth-grade mathematics in 2011 unchanged from 2009 but was 4 points higher than in 1992. The eighth-grade average reading score in 2011 was 1 point higher than in 2009, and 5 points higher than in 1992. However, the fourth-grade average reading score in 2011 was unchanged from 2009 but 4 points higher than in 1992. In 2010, around 470,000 15-year-olds across the world sat for a numeracy, literacy, and science test. The United States ranked 17th in Reading, 32nd in Math, and 23rd in Science (Shepherd, 2010). Shanghai-China ranked number one in all three areas. This was the result of the latest international tests PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) had conducted by the Paris-based Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Since 1983, American public schools have undergone an unprecedented amount of reform that has placed an enormous burden on the public school system. Today’s principals are living in a world of rapid changes and expectations to improve studentShow MoreRelatedEssay On No Child Left Behind Act1247 Words   |  5 PagesIn 2004, coinciding with the conclusion of President George W. Bush’s first term in office, United States Secretary of Education, Rod Paige, released an essay depicting the successes of his administration. Paige’s department spearheaded the initiative sparked by the No Child Left Behind Act, a set of policies enacted to reform education and provide students with an improved degree of learning more suited to the evolving job market. Paige brings light to the findings of his administration, presentingRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pages1. Definition of the Policy The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002, is a comprehensive overhaul of the federal governments requirements of state and local education systems (www.nclb.gov). It reauthorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and replaces the 1994 Improving Americas Schools Act. 2. General Background Information President Bush has made education his number one domestic priority (www.ed.gov). OnRead MoreEssay on The No Child Left Behind Act953 Words   |  4 Pagesare being left behind† (www.ed.gov). The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act expands the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education. The NCLB act was enacted January 8, 2002, and has four reform principles to the act: Accountability, flexibility, Researched-based reforms and parental options. Accountability begins with informed parents, communities and elected leaders so we can work together to improve schools. The states will measure the progress by testing every child in grades 3Read MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay642 Words   |  3 PagesNo Child Left Behind Act Making the NCLB Act effective is quite a chore for the federal and state legislation. The positive influences for the act are quite controversial. Accountability standards are set and measured on a yearly basis by each individual state. The educator’s qualifications and standards are also state and federally mandated. Reading, math and writing are the key academic subjects that are measured. The goal is to close the gap among race, socioeconomic groups, and disabledRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pages The No Child Left Behind Act was based on the Elementary Secondary Education Act of 1965. The act was established based on the promise of Thomas Jefferson to create a free public education system in Virginia (Hammond, Kohn, Meier, Sizer Wood, 2004). The act is now reauthorized as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The purpose of the No Child Left Behind Act was to make sure that children were given a fair, quality education. The a ct set out to close the achievement gaps in educationRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind Act1303 Words   |  6 PagesNo Child Left Behind Children are the future of this world. In an ideal universe, every child would have the intelligence and skills to become a doctor or lawyer; instead, we live in a world in which intelligence and skills are, across the board, different and unique in every student. In an attempt to create a common ground of intelligence throughout all students, the Bush administration passed the No Child Left Behind Act. Under this act, expectations were created for schools to produce a specificRead MoreEssay on No Child Left Behind Act3562 Words   |  15 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act Alexis Cross His 324 Dr. Stephan Law February 20, 2010 No Child Left Behind Outline: 1. Introduction a. What I will be writing about b. Why I chose my topic c. What will be covered 2. The NCLB Act d. How it came to be e. What was proposed f. How it has been enacted 3. The NCLB Act g. Arguments in favor of h. Arguments against 4. Statistics i. How the NCLB Act has had a positive impactRead More No Child Left Behind Act Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pages No Child Left Behind Act President Bush quoted, â€Å"Clearly, our children are our future†¦Too many of our neediest children are being left behind† (www.ed.gov). The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act expands the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education. The NCLB emphasizes accountability and abiding by policies set by the federal government. This law sets strict requirements and deadlines for states to expand the scope and frequency of student testing, restore their accountabilityRead MoreEssay on The No Child Left Behind Act1440 Words   |  6 PagesInitiated in 2002, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 intended to prevent the academic failures of educational institutions and individual students, as well as bridge achievement gaps between students. This act supports the basic standards of education reform across America; desiring to improve the learning outcomes of America’s youth. No Child Left Behind has left many to criticize the outcomes of the Act itself. Questions have risen concerning the effectiveness of NCLB, as well as theRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, President George W. Bushs education reform bill, was signed into law on Jan. 8, 2002. The No Child Left Behind Act says that states will develop and apply challenging academic standards in reading and math. It will also set annual progress objectives to make sure that all groups of students reach proficiency within 12 years. And the act also says that children will be tested annually in grades 3 through 8, in reading and math to measure their progress.

The Difference Between Common Sense and Science - 1248 Words

The difference between common sense and science. Plainly stated common sense is information gathered from everyday knowledge and science is thorough research on a particular subject with concluded facts. In a wilderness of common sense, science stands a lonely pinnacle One of the strongest features of science is that it can correct our seriously flawed cognition and give us an unfiltered view of reality. Most people put a lot of faith into relying on common sense and intuition, but as any psychologist will tell you, this faith is misplaced. Science helps us to understand the universe by freeing us from a reliance on gut-feelings or unchecked reasoning hopelessly rooted in the unsystematic software of our brains. Common sense, as†¦show more content†¦Theory Theories construct the enterprise of science. A theory is an abstraction that applies to variety of circumstances, explaining relationships and phenomena, based upon objective evidence. For example, evolution is a theory that applies to a wide range of phenomena (the diversity of life, development, etc.), and explains the observations of said phenomena, all of which is based upon evidence. Gravity too is a theory, explaining the phenomena that we observe in interactions of bodies with mass. To get technical: Science uses conceptual schemes and theoretical structures built through internal consistency which are empirically tested. Scientists also realize that these are man-made terms that may or may not exhibit a close relationship to reality (but with objectivity we try our best). The distinction between this structure of thought and common sense should be, well, common sense. Common sense has no structure to it, is explicitly subjective, and is subject to all manner of cognitive biases. There is no need for testing, replication, or verification when you are reasoning for yourself. No checks for you to pass or fail, no peers reviewing. It is no wonder why science is so much better at explaining things. Testing/Verification Unlike common sense or intuition, science systematically and empirically tests theories and hypothesis. This is important when viewed in the lightShow MoreRelatedThe Difference Between Common Sense and Science1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe difference between common sense and science. Plainly stated common sense is information gathered from everyday knowledge and science is thorough research on a particular subject with concluded facts. In a wilderness of common sense, science stands a lonely pinnacle One of the strongest features of science is that it can correct our seriously flawed cognition and give us an unfiltered view of reality. Most people put a lot of faith into relying on common sense and intuition, but as any psychologistRead MoreSociological And Common Sense Understanding1341 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Sociology Throughout this essay, I will explain the distinction between sociological and common sense understanding, highlight the differences between sociology and other social sciences, and evaluate two sociological perspectives – Marxism and feminism. Sociology is the scientific study of human society. It examines the development of social structures, and the interaction between these structures and human behaviour. Sociologists aim to provide tools of understanding the processRead MoreThe Constant Struggle Between Science And Religion856 Words   |  4 PagesThe constant struggle between science and religion is immense, the constant debated question being whether the two can coexist. To this, I agree, the two can coexist if both respect each other’s opinions and do not impose their own beliefs on the others. However, questions that require answering either through science or religion are how we determine reality, how should we live in this world, and what is our ultimate purpose. Either a mixture of the two or one can be chosen, this is determined byRead MoreThe Science of Psychology Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesThe Science of Psychology â€Å"Psychology is the scientific study of mind, brain and behaviour. Some of what you do learn may seem like ‘common sense’, or at least familiar to you because you are learning about topics in which you can relate to. However some things you may believe is true, but is incorrect. The way we know this is through the application of scientific methods.† Mark Leary suggests that the subject matter of psychology is much more familiar to mostRead MoreThe Knowledge Of The Arts And Science Essay971 Words   |  4 PagesIn Metaphysics 1.1 , Aristotle claims â€Å"All men by nature desire to know† (980a) and that this knowledge is freedom. Shortly after claiming man’s want to have knowledge, he begins to distinguish between man and animal; all animals have the knowledge of sense - feeling the cold of a snowflake, or the seeing the sun go down - this all beings have. Aristotle then goes on to describe additional types of knowledge that become more exclusive to the human experience as they go further. Memory knowledge,Read MoreJohn Romanos Coming Home to Television: A Review1229 Words   |  5 PagesComing Home to Television. The essay addresses the differences between what is considered highbrow versus what is considered lowbrow art and creative expression, especially in the realm of literature. Ironically, Romano writes about television from a scholarly perspective. He is only somewhat sarc astic when Romano notes that the transition from academia to television script writing was a step down. Walter Karp does not address the differences between writing for school and writing for television. HoweverRead MoreAp Psych Outline1683 Words   |  7 PagesWith Psychological Science Outline The Need for Psychological Science Two phenomena- hindsight bias and judgmental overconfidence- illustrate why we can’t rely solely on intuition and common sense. The Limits of Intuition and Common Sense Our intuition can lead us astray. Did We Know It All Along? Hindsight Bias Hindsight bias- The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) Common sense describes what hasRead MoreThe Differences Between Science And Religion913 Words   |  4 PagesOften claims are made that science and religion are incompatible; the two cannot coexist as to believe in God contradicts scientific belief. To look at science and think of it in a completely separate field to religion is not true a true reflection of the relationship between the two. Science and religion overlap in several ways. They both affect our everyday decisions and impact on the way we view and understand the world around us. They both address ‘the same world, the same reality.’ just in differentRead More1. Yes, I Read The Assignment In Full Detail.. 2. My Thoughts1030 Words   |  5 Pagesthat there is no practical difference between a material and a theistic world without a thorough understanding of what is meant by the terms being used. It seems to be the case that materialism is commonly used to describe a world of mind-independent substances that are in stable, constant existence. Furthermore, theism seems to refer to an all-powerful being known as God. I can agree with James that, if it is the case that the world only seems to be spiritual in a sense and is actually completelyRead MoreSimilar Ideas Presented in Blade Runner by Ridley Scott and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley 1469 Words   |  6 PagesFrankenstein by Mary Shelley deals with the kinship to the natural world set in the Romantic Era and enlightenment period. However Blade Runner, although subjected by a different context, also portrays a similar idea to Frankenstein; the fear of science and technology coupled with the value of the definition of a human. Through this commonality, we are able to utilise the values of Blade Runner in order to truly understand Shelley’s purpose. During the 1980’s, the increasing amount of industrialisation

Designing A New Product Design Essay - 1454 Words

The future of design is changing. While we may not know exactly how it s changing and what situations will arise with these changes, we do have a means of facing them. With a further integration between business and design, empathic design will become a worldwide solution that will be used more frequently and deeply than it is now. While the technology and resources available may change, the ability to empathize is something that can always be utilized efficiently when designing. Empathic Design is a design research approach used to solve dilemmas through creative design by observation of users and their everyday lives, which is then applied to a service or product. It is heavily used when it comes to a new product design since it helps to identify opportunities for the creation of a new products themselves, through observation of a need that consumers themselves don’t realize, but it can also be applied to the improvement of an existing product or service. Empathic Design is a response to the design attitude of designing for user experience which is the idea that user-centered design would help in producing services or products that are simple and enjoyable to use. It requires the user to use empathy as a tool of interpretation of what another person thinks or experiences to envision future situations of product use. The founders of empathic design include design consultancies such as IDEO and SonicRim, who have successfully applied its principles int o their projects. TheShow MoreRelatedMarketing Strategies For Brand Designing1534 Words   |  7 Pages1.1 Background and Rationale Brand designing is the one of the effective marketing strategies used by the companies to bring their products or services and consumers together (Clifton, 2009). It is not only the name or logo of the brand, but it implies the overall feeling or image that a consumer has while consuming the product of the brand. Brand designing is considered vital mostly when the companies try to market their products or services into a new market or an existing market (Keller, ParameswaranRead MoreEssay on The ReMotion Prosthetic Knee1708 Words   |  7 PagesThe ReMotion Prosthetic Knee ReMotion is a project created by D-Rev (Design Revolution), a not for profit organization working in third world countries, which creates and supplies prosthetic knees to amputees living on under $4 a day (Krista Donaldson, 2013). One of the company’s major constraints when designing the knee revolved around creating a product that performed at a standard equivalent to the high end prosthetic knees, but at a cost that was affordable and allowed for mass production. TheRead MoreThe Results of My Testing Indicates That: Blood from Suspect Number701 Words   |  3 Pagesfew decades a small number of designers and design professionals have begun to realize their influence on the natural world and have decided to change the way they think of design and designing. This new approach has become known as sustainable design. Sustainable Design is a design philosophy that seeks to maximize the quality of the built environment, while minimizing or eliminating negative impact to the natur al environment. In others words designing physical objects with the idea of creatingRead MoreCase Study : The Acme Corporation909 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction According to the case study, the ACME Corporation held a meeting with the development team to design and plan a new mouse. Michael Carroll is the team leader of the project who is focusing on designing a new mouse and he has asked me to sit in the meeting as a facilitator. The team is required to design the mouse considering the needs of the new generation. The mouse will be used along with the newer generation of personal computers. To get this job done, the team has only six monthsRead MoreDesigning A Project s Target Group And Their Actual Needs Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesCollaborative design approaches such as co-design aim to result in usable, successful products and services which are tailored to a project’s target group and their actual needs. This article discusses how they work, why they work, and when they can fail. The time is October 2001. US technology company Apple Inc., nowadays widely known for their iPhone smartphones, just unveiled the iPod – a portable music player. Two years later, 1.4 million of these devices have been sold; it turned out to be anRead MoreThe Journey Of The Project1560 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor aim was to have a great color combination and along with unique design. Our team of experienced web designers came up with various innovative designs and finalized the one that is presently on the website. The designing had to be innovative, so lot of research was done to have a concept similar to disk imaging. Today, the design of AX64 is counted among the best web design that has been done. The Academic Editor – Logo designing was the real challenge because it had to be related to education orRead MoreEssay on Dieter Rams Ten Principles of Good Design1510 Words   |  7 Pagesof good design and the article Dieter Rams on good design as a key business advantage Good design according to my understanding so far is all about human-centred design that is, designing to meet particular needs of people in the society. Therefore, any design that does not satisfy people’s needs no matter how beautiful it may look is not a good design. After reading Dieter Rams’ ten principles of good design, some of them where things I could relate to my understanding of good design but othersRead MorePlanning Phase Of New Service Development1234 Words   |  5 PagesFor any New Service Development, there is a need for a framework to plan, execute and launch. It is proven that new services or products that are designed, developed in a planned structural framework have been successful in the market rather than those developed without a framework. Various innovative ideas are to be generated from various sources and these ideas are compiled in the Development stage of New Service Development Process cycle. The Planning phase of New Service Development (NSD) cycleRead MoreDesign, Thinking and Innovation at Apple1387 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophy. In Apple, employees think that they can change the world and bring completely new values to the customers by design and innovation. They not only want to deliver these new values in a simple way, but also want to provide the customers with functionalities and features they need and that are competitive. Apple is capable of applying simplicity to the design and innovation of their products and at the same time considering customers needs. While living this vision and philosophyRead MoreRaymond Loewy s Influence On The Modern World Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pages and it would be there where Loewy would create a brand which would become known around the western world. From Coke bottles to trains, to space stations Loewy has been involved in a wide range of industrial design and could be argued to be the most famous and influential industrial product designer to date. At the age of Fifteen Loewy designed a model aircraft which he then built and flew; this won him the 1908 James Gordon Bennett cup, which led to the model Ayrel being patented. Raymond Loewy

Return of zero Coupon Bonds

Questions: 1.What is the Expected return for this bond If the Market Price is: a.$800? b.$950? c.$1000 d.$12502.If the Market Equilibrium of this bond has a return of 20% what is the Current Market Price? Justify your result. 3.Discuss Four Factors that would Cause the Demand Curve and Four Factors that would Cause the Supply Curve for bonds to Shift? Answers: 1. Depicting the expected return of zero coupon bonds with different market rate: a. Expected return when market price is $800: Particulars Value Expected return ((FV / Current Price) -1 ) * 100 Expected return ((1000 / 800) -1 ) * 100 Expected return (1.25 -1 ) * 100 Expected return .25 * 100 Expected return 25% The overall return generated from zero coupon bonds with the market price of $800 is 25%, as the FV is $1000. The return is mainly derived from market price, which is lower than the actual face value. This reduced market price of the bond could mainly help the investor in generating higher return from investment (Ballotta and Kyriakou 2015). Market price at $800 could effectively help the investor get the maximum return from investment in comparison from other market price. The investor will be interested in buying the bond at $800 value. b. Expected return when market price is $950: Particulars Value Expected return ((FV / Current Price) -1 ) * 100 Expected return ((1000 / 950) -1 ) * 100 Expected return (1.05 -1 ) * 100 Expected return .05 * 100 Expected return 5.26% If the market price of the zero coupon bond is $950 then the expected return mainly declines from previous value. This is due to the lower difference between face value and market value of the bond. The return of 5.26% is also effective as investor will be able to generate retune from investment at the end of the bond tenure. Di and Rosadi (2015) mentioned that investors are mainly attracted to bonds, which are provided at a discounted rate, as it help in generating high return from investment. The investor will be interest in investment if the bond price is $950. c. Expected return when market price is $1000: Particulars Value Expected return ((FV / Current Price) -1 ) * 100 Expected return ((1000 / 1000) -1 ) * 100 Expected return (1 -1 ) * 100 Expected return 0 * 100 Expected return 0% The market value being same as face value, as depicted in above table could mainly nullify any return, which could be provided from zero coupon bonds. There is no expected return if the market price is at $1000, thus the investor will not be interested in conducting the relative investment. Brockington et al. (2014) argued that investors mainly neglect the deals, which does not provide relative return from investment. Thus, the investor could neglect the zero coupon bond as no return is provided from investment. d. Expected return when market price is $1250: Particulars Value Expected return ((FV / Current Price) -1 ) * 100 Expected return ((1000 / 1250) -1 ) * 100 Expected return (0.8 -1 ) * 100 Expected return -0.20 * 100 Expected return -20% The above table mainly depicts a negative return or loss, which might incur by the investor if investment is been conducted. In addition, the loss of -20% will mainly incur by the investor as the market price is more than the face value, which will be provided after completion of the bond tenure. Maximum of the investors will mainly avoid zero coupon bonds, whose market value is greater than the face value (Bielecki and Rutkowski 2013). 2.Depicting the current market price if the market equilibrium of this bond has a return of 20%: Particulars Value Market price FV / (Expected return + 1) Market price 1000 / (0.20 + 1) Market price 1000 / 1.20 Market price 833.33 The above table mainly depicts the overall market price of the bond if the return is anticipated at 20%. In addition, after the valuation of expected return overall market price is mainly depicted at $833.33. Any increment in the overall market price of the bond could mainly reduce the demand among potential investor and decrease its price. Furthermore, it is a zero coupon bond, where return could only be provided at the end of bond tenure (Badertschere et al. 2015). Thus, if the bond price declines more from 833.33 then the investor will be interested in buying the bond. 3. Discussing the four factors that might cause demand curve and supply curve of the bond to shift: Bond prices mainly reflect on both supply and demand, which could help investors in making adequate investment decision. There are several factors, which could shift the overall demand and supply curve of bond. Greenwood and Vayanos (2014) mentioned that change in demand and supply of bond mainly helps investor making adequate investment decision. Four factors that might cause demand curve of bond to shift: Figure 1: Depicting the shift in demand curve of Bond (Source: Greenwood and Vayanos 2014) The figure mainly depicts the relevant shift in demand curve of bond, which changes the market equilibrium. The factors depicted mainly shifts the supply curve from D to D` keeping the supply constant. Four factors that might cause demand curve of bond to shift are depicted as follows. Increase in investors wealth: Increment in the overall investors wealth could mainly help in raising its investment ability. The growing economy mainly helps in increasing wealth, which could raise ability of the investors to buy more bonds. This increment in the overall demand of bond could shift the demand curve while keeping the supply curve constant. Becker and Ivashina (2014) mentioned that increment in bond demand could mainly help companies and governments to generate higher capital from bond issue. Decrease in interest rates: Decline in overall interest rates of banks could mainly increase the overall demand for bonds. In addition, bond return is mainly fixed while interest rate varies, which makes bond an attractive investment opportunity of interest rate decline. The demand for bonds mainly increases with the decline in demand for interest rate. The sudden decline in interest rate mainly helps in shifting the demand curve of the bond (Wang, Weiz and Zhong 2015). Increase in liquidity position of the bonds: Bond market has low liquidity as investors mainly use bonds as fixed investment. However, investor are mainly attracted to bond, which have high liquidity, as they are able to conduct both sell and buy functions frequently. If the bond market is liquid as US government a securities then overall demand of bond rises. This increment in demand of bonds mainly helps in shifting its demand curve. Brissimis, Garganas and Hall (2014) argued that demand curve of bond could be shifted on either way, which states the contraction and increment of demand among investors. Decrease in expected inflation: Furthermore, the overall decline in expected inflation rate mainly increases the benefits, which is been provided by the bonds. This mainly helps in raising the overall demand and shifts demand curve of the bond. The future return on every bond is mainly discounted to identify the present value, which incorporates inflation rate. Thus, the decline in inflation rate mainly increases the overall return, which could be provided by the bond. Mina, Lahr and Hughes (2013) mentioned that returns from bonds mainly increase in value if inflation rate declines, which makes the opportunity a riskless investment. Four factors that might cause supply curve of bond to shift: Figure 2: Depicting the shift in supply curve of Bond (Source: Greenwood and Vayanos 2014) The figure mainly depicts the relevant shift in supply curve of bond, which changes the market equilibrium. The factors depicted mainly shifts the supply curve from S to S` keeping the supply constant. Four factors that might cause supply curve of bond to shift are depicted as follows. Rise in expected profits: The overall supply of bond mainly increases if organisation expects profit growth by implementing high-end investment. The overall rise in expected profits mainly allow organisation to acquire more debt for buying new equipments and machinery, which could support its revenue generation capacity. However, during a recession a negative impact occurs on the overall expected profits, which could be attained by the company. This increment in expected profit of organisation mainly increases the overall corporate bonds, which shifts its supply curve (Kang, Ratti and Yoon 2014). Decrease in business taxes: Decline in overall business taxes mainly helps the company in attaining more profits, which in turn motivates business to invest more by using bonds. In addition, the decline in government taxes mainly helps companies to improve their retained profits. This increment in the retained profits mainly helps the company in issuing more bonds, whose capital could be used in its expansion process (Greenwood, Hanson and Vayanos 2015). Rise in expected inflation: The overall increment in inflation rate mainly decreases the overall return, which could be provided from investing in bonds. This decline in overall return from investment in bond mainly initiates high selling, which increases the overall supply of bond. Consequently, the increment in inflation rate main instigates high borrowings by issuing bonds, which are conducted by both corporate and government. This high issue of new bond mainly increases the overall supply in the market, which in turn shifts the supply curve of the bond (Becker and Ivashina 2014). Rise in government borrowings: Government mainly issue bonds if expenses exceed the overall amount collected from tax. In addition, government mainly use bonds for supporting the overall expenses conducted on public development, which help in improving infrastructure and increase development. 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